| 耕作措施和氮肥用量对陇中旱农区粮饲兼用玉米光合特性与水分利用效率的影响 |
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| 引用本文：王进斌，李玲玲，谢军红，Eunice Essel，邓超超，颉健辉，彭正凯，沈吉成.耕作措施和氮肥用量对陇中旱农区粮饲兼用玉米光合特性与水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(6):796~801 |
| DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2018.06.005 |
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| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金（31460337、31660373和31761143004)；甘肃省教育厅项目 (2017C-12) ；“十二五”国家科技支撑计划(2012 BAD14B03和2015BAD22B04-3)。 |
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| 中文摘要:全膜双垄沟播技术使玉米成为陇中旱农区主栽作物之一，但该技术下玉米的高产导致土壤养分和水分耗竭，影响玉米生产的可持续性，依托2012年布设在陇中旱农区的田间定位试验，研究4种耕作方式（CT：传统翻耕，RT：旋耕，SS：深松耕，NT：免耕）和4种施氮水平（N1:不施氮，N2:施纯氮100 kg·hm-2，N3:施纯氮200 kg·hm-2 ，N4:施纯氮300 kg·hm-2）对粮饲兼用玉米光合特性、干物质积累量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:深松耕和免耕显著增强玉米光合性能，且随着施氮量的增加玉米光合性能也增强；各生育时期干物质积累量均表为SS>NT>RT>CT、N4>N3>N2>N1，成熟期时SS较CT显著增加37.4%，N4较其他处理增加15.0%~85.0%；与传统耕作相比，深松耕和免耕可以提高玉米籽粒产量，2014年 SS和NT较CT分别增加33.0%、18.8%，2015年分别增加19.7%、11.6%，且深松耕处理生物量显著高于传统耕作；施纯氮300 kg·hm-2和200 kg·hm-2均可以提高玉米籽粒产量、生物量和水分利用效率，但施纯氮200 kg·hm-2与300 kg·hm-2无显著差异，施纯氮200 kg·hm-2处理下籽粒产量、生物量和水分利用效率较不施肥处理分别增加68.4%、63.5%、52.2%，较施氮100 kg·hm-2分别增加40.2%、31.7%、30.5%。因此，在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植粮饲兼用玉米，覆膜前深松耕或免耕，施氮200 kg·hm-2左右比较适宜，既有利于粮饲兼用玉米籽粒产量、饲料产量的提高，也可以提高水氮利用效率，促进玉米生产的可持续发展。 |
| 中文关键词:耕作措施 施氮量 光合特性 产量 水分利用效率 |
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| Effects of Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Rates on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Grain and Forage Maize in Dry Farming Areas of Central Gansu in China |
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| Abstract:Maize has become one of the major cultivated crops in dry farming areas of central Gansu in China because of application of complete film surface mulching and double ridge-furrow. However, the high output in maize results in exhaustion of soil moisture and nutrients, hence, it impacts the sustainability of maize production. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of different tillage practices and nitrogen rates on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, yield and water use efficiency. The study relied on a field experiment conducted in 2012 in Dingxi, Longzhong region. The treatments included four tillage practices (CT:conventional tillage, RT:rotary tillage, SS:sub-soiling, NT:no-tillage) and four nitrogen rates (N1:0 kg·hm-2, N2:100 kg·hm-2, N3:200 kg·hm-2, N4:300 kg·hm-2). The results showed that sub-soiling and no-tillage enhanced the photosynthetic characteristics significantly and the photosynthetic characteristics also was improved with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Dry matter accumulation at various growth stages of maize were SS>NT>RT>CT and N4>N3>N2>N1. Sub-soiling increased dry matter significantly by 37.4% higher than conventional tillage, and N4 increased 15.0%-85.0% higher than other treatments at maturity. Sub-soiling and no-tillage increased yield by 33.0% and 18.8% respectively in 2014; increased 19.7% and 11.6% respectively in 2015 and forage yield under sub-soiling was higher than conventional tillage. N3 and N4 increased forge yield, grain yield and water use efficiency, but N3 and N4 had no significant difference. N3 increased forge yield, grain yield and water use efficiency by 68.4%, 63.5% and 52.2% respectively,it was higher than N1. N3 increased by 40.2%,31.7% and 30.5% respectively higher than N2. Therefore, the application of double furrow sowing technology, mulching before sub-soiling or no-tillage and nitrogen 200 kg·hm-2 was more suitable for sustainable cultivation of grain and forage maize in dry farming areas of central Gansu in China. It helped increase grain and feed yield, and also improve the utilization efficiency of water and nitrogen, so as to promote sustainable maize production. |
| keywords:Tillage practices Nitrogen rates Photosynthetic characteristics Yield Water use efficiency |
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