| 覆膜时期和方式对黄土高原春玉米耗水特性和产量的影响 |
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| 引用本文：韩云良，胡迎春，张宁宁，李雨泽，廖允成，秦晓梁，温晓霞.覆膜时期和方式对黄土高原春玉米耗水特性和产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(3):362~371 |
| DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2018.03.009 |
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| 基金项目:公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201503121）；国家自然科学基金（31701384）；陕西省科技统筹创新工程计划（2016KTCL02-08）；中国博士后基金（2017M623258）。 |
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| 中文摘要:黄土高原中南部水资源匮乏和降雨时空错位限制了该区春玉米产量潜力的提升，通过分析不同的覆膜时期和覆膜方式对休闲期土壤蓄水、保墒和春玉米生育期耗水特性、产量的影响，旨在提出适宜于黄土高原雨养农业区春玉米高效用水的栽培模式。以‘先玉335’作为供试品种，采用覆膜时期和覆膜方式的双因素设计，随机区组排列，通过设置平地无覆盖（CK）、秋季全膜双垄沟覆盖（AFF）、播前全膜双垄沟覆盖（SFF）、秋季半膜平铺覆盖（ASF）、播前半膜平铺覆盖（SSF）5种处理的对比研究，分析不同覆膜时期和覆膜方式相结合下春玉米耗水规律，以及互作模式下耗水特性与产量之间的关系。AFF和SFF集雨、蓄水、保水能力显著高于半膜平铺和平地无覆盖，整个生育期内耗水强度和玉米生长吻合。秋季全膜双垄沟覆盖（AFF）休闲期土壤贮水消耗量较露地减少53.82%，较秋季半膜平铺减少33.89%，最大程度保证春玉米苗期土壤含水量，为出苗提供了充足的水资源，提高出苗率，为后期生长奠定基础。秋季全膜双垄沟覆盖虽然生育期耗水量相比其他处理增加，但有较高的水分利用效率和降水生产效率。2016年玉米收获季，秋季全膜双垄沟播模式0~200 cm各土层水分含量较低，但是，经过下一个休闲期处理，土壤含水量从总量上得到完全恢复，2017年播前，秋季全膜双垄沟播模式0~200 cm大多数土层水分含量显著高于平地处理。秋季全膜双垄沟覆盖（AFF）产量相比CK、SSF、ASF、SFF分别增产81.88%、34.01%、42.55%、20.60%，达到显著差异。在黄土高原中南部推广秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培模式可以显著提高玉米产量、水分利用效率和降水生产效率，同时可以实现土壤水分的可持续利用。 |
| 中文关键词:春玉米 覆膜 垄沟 耗水特性 产量 |
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| Effects of Film Mulching Period and Modes on Water Consumption Characteristics and Yield of Spring Maize in the Loess Plateau |
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| Abstract:The shortage of water resources,temporal and spatial dislocation of rainfall limit the increase of potential yield of spring maize in the south-middle of the Loess Plateau.This study was carried out to determine the effect of different film mulching periods and modes on water consumption characteristics,grain yield,and soil water storage and water retention in fallow period of spring maize.‘Xianyu 335’ was selected as tested cultivar,and the trial was arranged at film mulching periods of the two-factor and modes with randomized block.Five different treatments,nmaely traditional flat planting(CK),the autumn whole mulching of double ridges(AFF) and before sowing whole mulching of double ridges(SFF),the autumn semi-film flat covering(ASF) and before sowing semi-film flat covering(SSF),were conducted in the experiment,respectively.The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between water consumption characteristics and yield under interaction of film mulching periods and modes.The results showed that rainfall collection and water storage,water-holding capacity of AFF and SFF were significantly higher than those of ASF,SSF and CK,and the water consumption intensity of AFF and SFF coincided with maize growth in whole growth period.The water storage consumption of AFF in fallow period was 53.82% less than that of CK and 33.89% lower than that of ASF.AFF had higher soil water content and low water consumption during maize emergence could provide sufficient water for the germination rate and seeding growth.The autumn whole mulching of double ridges(AFF) led to a higher soil water consumption over the whole growing season,but the water use efficiency and precipitation production efficiency also increased due to more increase of grain yield.AFF had lower soil water content from 0-200 cm compared with other treatments in harvest season of 2016,however,after the next fallow period,soil water content of AFF fully recovered from the total before planting in 2017.The yield of AFF increased significantly by 81.88%,34.01%,42.55% and 20.60% compared with CK,SSF,ASF and SFF,respectively.It was concluded that AFF can significantly increase maize yield,water use efficiency,precipitation production efficiency,can achieve sustainable use of farmland soil moisture,and is a suitable plating mode for spring maize in the south-middle Loess Plateau. |
| keywords:Spring maize Film mulching Ridge and furrow Water consumption characteristics Yield |
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