In order to reveal the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and driving mechanism of net primary productivity (NPP) in each terrestrial ecosystem of China under climate change, this study introduces the barycenter model to analyze the spatial distribution pattern changes of NPP in China from 2000 to 2017 and investigates the spatial distribution of the influence of precipitation and temperature, which are two key climate factors on the NPP, by correlation analysis. Furthermore, the Thornthwaite Memorial model is used to quantitatively distinguish the relative effects of climate change and human activities on NPP subsequently. The results show that:(1) from 2000 to 2017, the mean value of NPP in China was 325.86 g C/m², with higher values in the south and lower values in the north, and gradually decreasing from southeast to northwest. (2) In the past 18 years, the NPP in China and all terrestrial ecosystems showed a growing trend, with the increase rate of 4.4597 g C m^-2 a^-1, and a total net increase of 0.391 Pg C. The NPP barycenter of national and forest, grassland and desert ecosystems moved to the northeast, while that of farmland and urban ecosystems moved to the northwest, indicating that the growth and increment of NPP have been the greatest in this direction. (3) The NPP was mainly affected by precipitation in north and northwest China and Sichuan Basin, while the NPP in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and eastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau was mainly affected by temperature. Meanwhile, among the terrestrial ecosystems, NPP of the urban ecosystem was the most sensitive to precipitation response, while that of the desert ecosystem was the most sensitive to temperature response. (4) The contribution of climate change and human activities to national NPP change accounts for about 56% and 44% respectively, and the NPP of each terrestrial ecosystem was also affected by climate change more than by human activities. At the same time, both climate change and human activities led to the net increase of NPP. In addition, climate change had the greatest impact on the NPP of desert ecosystem, and the least impact on the NPP of forest ecosystem, while human activities had the opposite impact on the NPP of each terrestrial ecosystem. Research shows that although each terrestrial ecosystem has been characterized by a favorable increase of NPP under the impacts of climate change and human activities, there are still some areas that are negatively affected by human activities, such as the southeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the provinces along the southeast coast of China. Therefore, these regions must fully consider the effects of harmful human behaviors such as overgrazing and urban sprawl in future environmental protection planning, and formulate relevant policy guidance to encourage the improvement of regional environmental conditions. The results can provide a scientific basis for the Chinese ecological environment protection, rational allocation of resources and strategic decision-making of environment, social and economic development.