Abstract: Mineral resources are the important material basis for development of economic and society, rational exploitation and utilization of mineral resources has an important impact on the construction of ecological civilization, and matters the continuous supply and efficient utilization of mineral resources by dealing with the relationship between government and market correctly. Firstly, the development history of the relationship between government and market, the respective functions of government and market, and the factors affecting the relationship between government and market are made an in-depth analysis in this paper. And the functions of government mainly including seven aspects, namely, improving macroeconomic regulation system, creating a market environment, coordinating industrial development, reinforcing market supervision, promoting scientific and technological innovation, maintaining social order and promoting sustainable development, however, the function of market is to efficiently allocate resources in the same department and between departments of society. And then the specific problems existing in the mineral resources management in China are analyzed, including improving macroeconomic regulation system, creating a market environment, coordinating industrial development and promoting scientific and technological innovation. Finally, it puts forward some policy suggestions above these four aspects to strengthen China’s mineral resources management. Improving the incentive mechanism of mineral resources exploration and the fund guarantee system for processing fees of the preliminary work of “Net Mine” transfer to improve macroeconomic regulation system; speeding up the revision and updating of the Mineral Resources Law of the People’s Republic of China and establishing a professional terminology database of mineral resources to create a relaxed market environment; making up the short board of mineral resources industry chain and supply chain to coordinate industrial development; reforming the existing institutional mechanisms to strengthen coordination and cooperation among various departments and strengthening policy interpretation and publicity to promote scientific and technological innovation.