Microstructure, geochemical and genesis of coated grains in the Muji Basin, Xinjiang
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摘要:
泉华作为地表或地下水中碳酸钙的陆上沉积, 其内部微层结构和地球化学特征具有揭示区域环境变化的重要作用。新疆阿克陶县木吉盆地的鲕状泉华包覆颗粒是内陆干旱-半干旱气候区高寒山地环境产出的冷水沉积产物, 沉积过程相较于湿润-半湿润气候区同类泉华具有控制因素上的特殊性。在野外地质调查的基础上, 对其进行了细致的微观结构观察和化学组成研究, 以期为此类泉华成因机制的完善, 以及包覆颗粒生长发育过程与区域环境变化关系的探讨提供限定。研究发现, 木吉盆地周边地层中发育的碳酸盐岩是泉华发育的物质基础, “两山夹一盆”的地貌特征和盆地内全新世活动断裂的存在为泉华的形成提供了良好的地形地貌以及构造条件。微观结构观察和化学组分分析显示, 鲕状包覆颗粒发育由泥晶和亮晶纹层构成的外壳层, 两者均由低镁方解石组成, 但微量、稀土元素组成差异显著, 泥晶纹层的Mg/Ca(0.02~0.04)和ΣLREE/ΣHREE比值(1.75~9.98)以及稀土元素(ΣREE=0.33×10-6~2.96×10-6)和Sr(188×10-6~1640×10-6)、Ba(8.95×10-6~123.00×10-6)等微量元素含量相对亮晶纹层(Mg/Ca=0.01~0.02, ΣLREE/ΣHREE=0.93~5.43, ΣREE=0.05×10-6~0.82×10-6, Sr=157×10-6~285×10-6, Ba=5.17×10-6~29.50×10-6)更高。综合包覆颗粒微观结构、化学成分以及区域气候变化和地下水补给特征认为, 木吉鲕状包覆颗粒的成因类型为核形石, 颗粒纹层构造的发育是季节交替导致气候条件周期性波动的结果: 在降水和冰雪融水少的干冷气候环境下, 地下水补给不足, 具有较高微量和稀土元素含量的泥晶方解石发生沉淀, 藻类生物捕获粘附泥晶方解石形成泥晶纹层; 亮晶纹层形成于气候温湿季节, 地下水补给充足, 水流在包覆颗粒周围绕流过程中直接在泥晶纹层或岩屑外围发生CaCO3沉淀和生长。
Abstract:Sinter is the subaerial deposition of carbonate in the groundwater or surface water, and its internal micro-layer structure and geochemical characteristics play an important role in revealing the regional environmental changes. The coated grains in the Muji Basin, Akto County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, are cold-water tufa produced in the alpine mountain environment(loction at 38°59'50"N, 74°30'23"E) of the semi-arid and arid climatic zones. The controlling factors of its deposition process are obviously different from those in semi-humid and humid climatic zones. In order to provide a limit for the formation mechanism of these coated grains, and the relationship between the formation process of coated grains and regional environmental changes, a systematic and detailed investigation of field geological survey, detailed microstructure observation and chemical composition analysis were carried out in this paper. It is found that the geomorphological characteristics of "two mountains clip a basin" and the Holocene active faults in the study area are good for the formation of tufa. The coated grains developed cortex composed of micrite ring layers and sparite ring layers. Both of them are composed of low-magnesium calcites, but the compositions of trace and rare earth elements are significantly different. The micrite ring layers have high Mg/Ca(0.02~0.04)and ΣLREE/ΣHREE(1.75~9.98)ratios, and high rare earth elements(ΣREE=0.33×10-6~2.96×10-6), Sr(188×10-6~1640×10-6)and Ba(8.95×10-6~123.00×10-6)contents. Compared to micrite ring layers, the sparite ring layers show lower Mg/Ca(0.01~0.02)and ΣLREE/ΣHREE(0.93~5.43)ratios. Rare earth elements(ΣREE=0.05×10-6~0.82×10-6), Sr(157×10-6~285×10-6)and Ba(5.17×10-6~29.50×10-6)contents are also lower than those in the micrite ring layers. Based on the microstructure and chemical composition of coated grains, and regional climate change and groundwater recharge characteristics of the Muji Basin, it is concluded that the Muji Holocene coated grains are more likely to be oncolite rather than oolitic, and the development of coated grains were mainly affected by climate variation controlled by changing seasons. The micritic calcites with high trace and rare earth element contents were precipitated in dry and cold seasons with limited groundwater recharge. Then micrite ring layers were formed by algal biocapture and adhesion of micritic calcite. While these sparite ring layers were formed under strong hydrodynamic conditions with sufficient groundwater recharge in a warm and humid climate environment, and sparry calcites were the products of CaCO3 precipitation at the periphery of micrite ring layers when groundwater flowed around coated grains.
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Key words:
- coated grains /
- tufa /
- laminated structure /
- chemical composition /
- Muji Basin
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图 3
鲕状包覆颗粒显微结构特征
Figure 3.
Microstructure of coated grains. (a)The core of the coated grain is mainly composed of organic-rich micritic calcites, the periphery of the core is developed with relatively regular layers which is locally interrupt or pinched out(plane-polarized light); (b)The core of the coated grain is sparry calcites(plane-polarized light); (c)The core of the coated grain is irregular sparry calcites, the peripheral layers tends to be gentle from inside to outside, and the outermost cement have the forms of dog-tooth or radial shaped(cross-polarized light); (d)A large number of irregular micro-oolitic tufa grains are developed inside the coated grain(plane-polarized light); (e)The scanning electron microscope(SEM) image show that the sparite layers of the coated grain are composed of sparry calcites, and the micrite layers are mainly consist of micritic calcites; (f)The SEM image exhibit that algal filaments, extracellular polymeric substances and micritic calcites are mixed in the micrite layer
图 4
包覆颗粒背散射像及纹层元素组成特征
Figure 4.
Back scattered electron(BSE) images of coated grains and their elemental composition characteristics. (a)The coated grain BFKL1 has a cortex composed of three sparite layers and three micrite layers, some layers were partially interrupted, and fine quartz grains were seen in the micrite layers; (b)The variation characteristics of Mg/Ca ratio in the cortex of BFKL1; (c)The variation characteristics of Sr content in the cortex of BFKL1; (d)The variation characteristics of Ba content in the cortex of BFKL1; (e)The coated grain BFKL2 has a cortex consisting of two sparite layers and three micrite layers, and fine quartz grains can be seen in the micrite layers; (f)The variation characteristics of Mg/Ca ratio in the cortex of BFKL2; (g)The variation characteristics of Sr content in the cortex of BFKL2; (h)The variation characteristics of Ba content in the cortex of BFKL2
表 1
鲕状包覆颗粒电子探针分析结果(wt %)
Table 1.
Electron microprobe analysis results of oolitic coated grains(wt %)
泥晶纹层 亮晶纹层 纹层编号 BFKL1-A2 BFKL1-A4 BFKL1-A6 BFKL2-B1 BFKL2-B3 BFKL2-B5 平均 BFKL1-A1 BFKL1-A3 BFKL1-A5 BFKL2-B2 BFKL2-B4 平均 CaO 54.41 55.09 55.45 55.16 55.05 54.49 54.94 54.26 54.10 54.40 53.51 55.05 54.26 MnO 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.02 0.04 MgO 0.22 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.33 0.29 0.23 0.35 0.28 0.22 0.38 0.33 0.31 SrO 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.09 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 PbO 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.02 FeOT 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.02 Total 54.71 55.47 55.71 55.18 55.48 54.85 55.23 54.74 54.43 54.88 54.13 55.48 54.73 
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表 2
鲕状包覆颗粒LA-ICP-MS微量和稀土元素(×106)分析结果
Table 2.
Trace and rare earth element contents(×106)of oolitic coated grains
元素 BFKL1 亮晶 泥晶 亮晶 泥晶 亮晶 泥晶 A1-1 A1-2 A2-1 A2-2 A3-1 A3-2 A4-1 A4-2 A5-1 A5-2 A6-1 A6-2 Ca 387800 387800 392654 392654 387800 387800 392654 392654 387800 387800 392654 392654 Mg 6545 8128 9401 7717 5353 6019 15964 12028 8415 5800 14361 13956 Mn 122 106 245 179 753 592 250 413 369 583 295 111 Sc 0.24 0.35 0.39 0.31 0.07 0.09 1.20 0.93 0.31 0.12 2.55 0.49 Ti 15.5 113 67.0 14.0 1.27 4.02 261 615 21.7 0.34 123 86.9 V 1.09 2.54 2.71 1.94 0.09 0.41 5.39 4.86 1.86 0.01 12.25 3.76 Cr 28.8 30.5 21.3 75.4 15.6 26.6 29.6 45.9 40.5 47.3 33.2 72.3 Co 0.25 0.34 0.70 0.45 0.14 0.18 1.34 1.02 0.84 0.08 1.47 0.48 Ni 2.72 3.00 3.33 3.23 2.54 2.71 15.65 4.06 3.65 2.10 5.76 3.00 Zn 2.31 2.40 4.81 3.57 1.12 1.26 9.77 6.09 2.65 2.04 16.26 4.76 Ga 0.17 0.53 0.53 0.45 0.03 0.09 0.99 1.00 0.33 0.01 2.83 0.64 Rb 1.60 3.39 3.48 0.93 0.24 0.45 5.26 9.69 2.61 0.01 15.82 5.44 Sr 229 245 205 188 198 233 430 353 282 160 369 390 Y 0.21 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.01 0.04 0.52 0.55 0.24 0.06 0.41 0.30 Zr 0.83 2.67 1.79 21.1 0.46 0.74 4.18 3.69 2.21 1.72 3.19 2.35 Nb 0.05 0.24 0.18 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.62 1.51 0.07 0.12 0.42 0.29 Cs 0.10 0.26 0.22 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.35 0.38 0.24 0.01 0.76 0.31 Ba 11.7 16.9 24.2 8.95 7.17 10.1 29.5 33.4 16.4 5.17 55.6 24.2 La 0.09 0.14 0.28 0.10 0.01 0.05 0.48 0.33 0.17 0.01 0.27 0.35 Ce 0.19 0.22 0.46 0.18 0.01 0.09 1.09 0.61 0.27 0.01 0.44 0.65 Pr 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.07 Nd 0.13 0.13 0.26 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.66 0.31 0.15 0.00 0.27 0.35 Sm 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.06 Eu 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.02 Gd 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.05 Tb 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 Dy 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.11 0.04 0.00 0.06 0.06 Ho 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 Er 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.03 Tm 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 Yb 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.09 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.05 Lu 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 Hf 0.01 0.08 0.21 0.57 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.09 0.08 Pb 0.42 0.34 0.69 0.39 0.04 0.13 0.89 1.02 0.49 0.15 0.81 0.63 Th 0.08 0.19 0.14 0.09 0.01 0.06 0.32 0.28 0.11 0.01 0.16 0.21 U 0.51 0.60 0.51 0.36 0.43 0.42 0.57 0.57 0.51 0.28 0.63 0.65 Mg/Ca 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.04 ΣREE 0.56 0.78 1.29 0.65 0.05 0.24 2.96 1.79 0.82 0.08 1.33 1.72 ΣLREE 0.45 0.55 1.13 0.41 0.03 0.21 2.56 1.43 0.67 0.06 1.08 1.50 ΣHREE 0.11 0.22 0.16 0.24 0.02 0.02 0.41 0.36 0.15 0.01 0.25 0.22 ΣLREE/ΣHREE 3.97 2.47 6.98 1.75 1.39 8.74 6.27 3.99 4.45 4.43 4.26 6.75 元素 BFKL2 泥晶 亮晶 泥晶 亮晶 泥晶 B1-1 B1-2 B2-1 B2-2 B3-1 B3-2 B4-1 B4-2 B5-1 B5-2 Ca 392654 392654 387800 387800 392654 392654 387800 387800 392654 392654 Mg 7576 9591 4300 4092 6848 7578 5721 6145 9546 7956 Mn 410 579 489 260 991 387 107 108 189 193 Sc 0.55 0.46 0.20 0.11 0.19 0.22 0.07 0.07 0.28 0.17 Ti 117 53.8 1.24 2.05 20.6 23.3 28.1 4.44 23.4 14.3 V 3.85 2.91 0.24 0.12 1.19 1.20 0.21 0.12 1.45 1.36 Cr 305 181 49.3 16.9 189 137 190 170 48.4 22.8 Co 0.61 0.40 0.09 0.12 0.90 0.35 0.16 0.08 0.39 0.27 Ni 1.73 1.46 1.81 1.84 1.83 1.12 0.52 0.50 2.61 2.84 Zn 6.64 3.76 2.99 2.45 2.25 2.23 1.53 1.02 2.92 4.85 Ga 0.99 0.49 0.01 0.05 0.19 0.21 0.05 0.06 0.24 0.26 Rb 9.31 3.51 0.12 0.16 1.76 1.54 0.93 0.85 2.02 1.09 Sr 1640 1342 163 157 982 938 269 285 330 259 Y 0.34 0.32 0.18 0.06 0.11 0.15 0.02 0.06 0.16 0.06 Zr 2.04 2.22 2.22 1.93 1.61 2.12 2.07 7.00 1.05 0.88 Nb 0.40 0.17 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.17 0.02 0.08 0.13 Cs 0.31 0.26 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.12 0.05 Ba 123 106 5.67 6.18 80.6 68.5 24.6 29.5 18.7 12.1 La 0.34 0.51 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.22 0.03 0.11 0.11 0.06 Ce 1.27 1.39 0.03 0.04 0.30 0.30 0.04 0.08 0.21 0.14 Pr 0.08 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.01 Nd 0.40 0.47 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.01 0.04 0.11 0.03 Sm 0.08 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03 Eu 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 Gd 0.09 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 Tb 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dy 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.01 Ho 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 Er 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 Tm 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Yb 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 Lu 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Hf 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.02 Pb 0.62 0.60 0.05 0.06 0.66 0.42 0.18 0.39 0.42 0.16 Th 0.25 0.27 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.04 U 1.89 1.77 0.37 0.41 1.30 1.23 0.33 0.40 0.59 0.53 Mg/Ca 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 ΣREE 2.47 2.90 0.13 0.11 0.79 0.78 0.13 0.32 0.62 0.33 ΣLREE 2.19 2.64 0.06 0.08 0.67 0.68 0.09 0.27 0.50 0.28 ΣHREE 0.28 0.26 0.07 0.02 0.12 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.12 0.05 ΣLREE/ΣHREE 7.68 9.98 0.93 3.34 5.63 7.13 2.60 5.43 4.21 5.18
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