Aeolian soil is one of the important arable lands in China，with characteristics such as infertile soil，unable to retain moisture and fertility，which can cause problems such as low fertilizer use efficiency and low yield，and it urgently needs to be improved to improve its ability to preserve moisture and fertility.This experiment took aeolian soil as the research object，adopted maize straw biochar(BM)，rice straw biochar(BR)and peanut shell biochar(BP)，and set two different application rates of biochar:0.5% soil weight and 1% soil weight.Pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different sources and quantities of biochar on soil nutrients and nitrogen use efficiency.The results showed that different kinds of biochar increased soil pH，organic carbon and available potassium contents in aeolian soil，and the improvement effect was enhanced with the increase of biochar dosage.Compared with treatment without biochar addition(CK)，high rice straw biochar treatment had the most significant improvement effect on soil organic carbon，total nitrogen，available phosphorus and available potassium contents，which were increased by 101.70%，20.30%，14.92% and 88.36%，respectively，the high dosage peanut shell biochar treatment had the most significant improvement effect on soil pH，which increased by 0.46 units.The application of different kinds of biochar increased the soil nitrogen residual rate and utilization rate.With the increase of the amount of biochar，the soil nitrogen residual rate increased，among which the high amount of rice straw biochar and high amount of peanut shell biochar increased by 45.47% and 36.10%，respectively，compared with CK treatment.However，the nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the increase of biochar application，and the nitrogen use efficiency of low maize straw biochar treatment was the highest，which was 51.32%.Soil nitrogen residual rate was significantly positively correlated with peanut grain yield，soil pH，organic carbon，available phosphorus，available potassium，and significantly negatively correlated with nitrogen use efficiency.In conclusion，biochar application can significantly change soil available nutrient content in aeolian soil.The high amount of rice straw biochar and peanut shell biochar can significantly improve the nitrogen residue rate in short term，but not as good as maize straw biochar in terms of nitrogen use efficiency，and the high amount of peanut shell biochar has the best yield increasing effects.